[
  {
    "id": "USGS-MCS-2026",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Mineral commodity summaries 2026",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/publications/mineral-commodity-summaries-2026",
    "published_date": "2026-02-06",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Annual publication covers mineral commodity trends and initial 2025 production estimates. No production figures from the PDF are reproduced in these qualitative profiles.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn35view0",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Report and individual chapter PDF links were confirmed on official USGS pages; attempted PDF fetches returned403. Landing-page description read directly; no inaccessible table treated as verified."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-LITHIUM",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Lithium Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/lithium-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Official commodity portal provides linked annual USGS lithium reports; general applications additionally grounded in the CSIRO lithium study and official producer product page.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn38view0",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-COBALT",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Cobalt Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/cobalt-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Rechargeable battery electrodes, turbine superalloys and hardmetals are established cobalt uses.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn38view1",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-GRAPHITE",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Graphite Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/graphite-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "USGS identifies graphite uses in batteries, lubricants, motor brushes and friction materials.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn42view0",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-NICKEL",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Nickel Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nickel-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Laterite and sulphide deposits are distinct ore sources; refined nickel, ferronickel, alloys and battery uses are different parts of the chain.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn40view0",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-COPPER",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Copper Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/copper-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Copper production has multiple mining, concentration, smelting/refining or leaching stages; electrical uses and recycling are established.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn41view0",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-RARE-EARTHS",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Rare Earths Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/rare-earths-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Rare earths are a group of elements with different sources and applications; this portal is a group overview, not a magnet-grade supply series.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn41view1",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-MANGANESE",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Manganese Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/manganese-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Manganese is important to iron/steel production, aluminium alloys and batteries; ferroalloy grades differ.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn41view2",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-GALLIUM",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Gallium Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/gallium-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Gallium is used in compound-semiconductor and optoelectronic applications.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn42search0",
    "access_basis": "official search-index content",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made. Direct page returned a bot-verification screen; official-domain indexed content supplied the application description."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-GERMANIUM",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Germanium Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/germanium-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Germanium is mainly a zinc-processing by-product and is used in fibre optics, infrared systems and catalysts. No historical consumption shares from the undated page are used.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn41view4",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-TUNGSTEN",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Tungsten Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/tungsten-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Tungsten carbide is used in wear-resistant tools; metal, alloys and chemicals have other industrial uses.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn42search1",
    "access_basis": "official search-index content",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made. Direct page returned a bot-verification screen; official-domain indexed content supplied the application description."
  },
  {
    "id": "USGS-ANTIMONY",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Antimony Statistics and Information",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/antimony-statistics-and-information",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Antimony metal is used in lead-alloy battery components; trioxide is used in flame-retardant formulations.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn41view6",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated evergreen overview. Application descriptions are qualitative; no dated market shares or current production inference is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "CSIRO-LITHIUM",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "From minerals to materials: supplementary report \u2014 lithium",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/-/media/Science-Connect/Futures/Minerals-to-materials/CMRDD_Lithium_FINAL.pdf",
    "published_date": "2024-05",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Lithium-containing streams require conversion and impurity removal before battery applications; processing routes differ.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn50view0",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Publication gives month and year, not an exact publication day. Historical technical baseline, not a current project-status or price source."
  },
  {
    "id": "CSIRO-COBALT",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "From minerals to materials: supplementary report \u2014 cobalt",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/-/media/Science-Connect/Futures/Minerals-to-materials/CMRDD_Cobalt_FINAL.pdf",
    "published_date": "2024-05",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Supplementary report maps cobalt processing, compounds and metal production pathways; chain stages are distinct.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn48view1",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Publication gives month and year, not an exact publication day. Historical technical baseline, not a current project-status or price source."
  },
  {
    "id": "CSIRO-GRAPHITE",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "From minerals to materials: supplementary report \u2014 graphite",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/-/media/Science-Connect/Futures/Minerals-to-materials/CMRDD_Graphite_FINAL.pdf",
    "published_date": "2024-05",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Graphite purification involves multiple chemical or thermal routes with different operational and environmental requirements.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn51view2",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Publication gives month and year, not an exact publication day. Historical technical baseline, not a current project-status or price source."
  },
  {
    "id": "CSIRO-RARE-EARTHS",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "From minerals to materials: supplementary report \u2014 rare earths",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/-/media/Science-Connect/Futures/Minerals-to-materials/CMRDD_Rare-Earths_FINAL.pdf",
    "published_date": "2024-05",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Mixed rare-earth products undergo separation; solvent extraction and other routes have different capabilities and constraints.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn51view3",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Publication gives month and year, not an exact publication day. Historical technical baseline, not a current project-status or price source."
  },
  {
    "id": "CSIRO-RECYCLING",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "From minerals to materials: supplementary report \u2014 battery recycling",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/-/media/Science-Connect/Futures/Minerals-to-materials/CMRDD_Battery-Recycling_FINAL.pdf",
    "published_date": "2024-05",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Battery chemistry and feed homogeneity affect separation, purification and direct-recycling suitability.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn50view4",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Publication gives month and year, not an exact publication day. Historical technical baseline, not a current project-status or price source."
  },
  {
    "id": "CSIRO-GA-GE",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "Critical minerals: the quiet achievers gallium and germanium",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/en/news/All/Articles/2024/June/Critical-mineral-gallium-germanium",
    "published_date": "2024-06-20",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Gallium and germanium are generally obtained through processing other minerals; resource endowment does not by itself establish recovered product supply.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn50view5",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Only qualitative processing insight used; no historic production counts or forecasts reproduced."
  },
  {
    "id": "IEA-OUTLOOK-2026",
    "publisher": "International Energy Agency",
    "title": "Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026",
    "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2026",
    "published_date": "2026-07-16",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Annual industry-security report covers market trends, supply/demand outlooks and policy pathways.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn35view2",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Forward projections are scenarios, not guaranteed outcomes; none are presented as delivered projects here."
  },
  {
    "id": "IEA-EXEC-2026",
    "publisher": "International Energy Agency",
    "title": "Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 \u2014 Executive summary",
    "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2026/executive-summary",
    "published_date": "2026-07-16",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Processing technology, equipment and workforce capability matter to diversification; secondary supply depends on collection and changing end-of-life availability.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn36view1",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Do not convert a report-wide concentration narrative into a numerical mineral risk score. No unverified production shares are used."
  },
  {
    "id": "POL-AU",
    "publisher": "Australian Department of Industry, Science and Resources",
    "title": "Australia\u2019s Critical Minerals List and Strategic Materials List",
    "url": "https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/australias-critical-minerals-list-and-strategic-materials-list",
    "published_date": "2024-02-20",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Australia distinguishes critical minerals from strategic materials: copper is strategic; nickel is critical. Lists are under 2026 review, with consultation closing 17 November 2026.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn35view1",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "2024-02-20 is the adopted list-update date stated on the page, not a newly adopted 2026 list. Page cross-country comparison columns cite older US/EU lists and must not be used for current foreign designations."
  },
  {
    "id": "POL-US",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey / US Department of the Interior",
    "title": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
    "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2025-11-07/2025-19813",
    "published_date": "2025-11-07",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Final US 2025 list includes copper and nickel and individually named rare-earth elements.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn36search1",
    "access_basis": "official Federal Register record indexed content",
    "limitations": "The GovInfo HTML record has no readable lines in the fetch; exact mineral roster was available in official indexed content and corroborated by USGS release."
  },
  {
    "id": "POL-US-RELEASE",
    "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
    "title": "Interior Department releases final 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
    "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/news/science-snippet/interior-department-releases-final-2025-list-critical-minerals",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "USGS release identifies copper among ten additions in the final 2025 list.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn36search3",
    "access_basis": "official search-index content",
    "limitations": "Official release corroborates the final list and copper addition. Exact visible release date was not extracted; Federal Register publication is 7 November 2025."
  },
  {
    "id": "POL-EU",
    "publisher": "European Commission / EUR-Lex",
    "title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 and official critical-raw-materials overview",
    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1252/oj",
    "published_date": "2024-05-03",
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Annexes distinguish critical and strategic scopes, including copper and battery-grade nickel; retain material-form qualifiers.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn36search10",
    "access_basis": "official legal-text indexed content plus Commission overview",
    "limitations": "Regulation adopted 11 April 2024 and published 3 May 2024. The direct EUR-Lex page fetch was not fully readable; official text search result and Commission overview corroborated the limited classification claims."
  },
  {
    "id": "POL-EU-OVERVIEW",
    "publisher": "European Commission",
    "title": "Critical raw materials",
    "url": "https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "EU criticality assessment considers economic importance and supply risk at a chain bottleneck; copper and nickel are included through strategic status.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn40view1",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated policy overview includes references to earlier assessments. Use the legal annex for exact current form and scope; do not reuse old producer-share examples."
  },
  {
    "id": "LME-COPPER",
    "publisher": "London Metal Exchange",
    "title": "LME Copper \u2014 Contract specifications",
    "url": "https://www.lme.com/en/metals/non-ferrous/lme-copper/contract-specifications",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "LME copper futures underlying metal is Grade A copper, lot size25 tonnes, quotation US dollars per tonne.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn44view2",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Contract specification example only; no live price data reproduced. Check LME rulebook before transactions."
  },
  {
    "id": "FM-LITHIUM-2026",
    "publisher": "Fastmarkets",
    "title": "Lithium Methodology FAQs",
    "url": "https://www.fastmarkets.com/methodology/lithium-methodology-faqs/",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Battery-grade lithium carbonate and hydroxide assessments define different chemicals, quality and delivery terms; specification changes took effect 1 September 2026.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn44view3",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "1 September 2026 is the effective date of described changes, not a claimed page-publication date. No proprietary assessment values reproduced."
  },
  {
    "id": "CSIRO-MATERIALS",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "From minerals to materials: an assessment of Australia\u2019s critical minerals mid-stream processing capabilities",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/en/work-with-us/services/consultancy-strategic-advice-services/csiro-futures/mineral-resources/minerals-to-materials",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "CSIRO provides technical studies on processing pathways for lithium, cobalt, graphite, rare earths and battery recycling.",
    "confidence": "High",
    "retrieval_reference": "turn46view0",
    "access_basis": "full page",
    "limitations": "Undated landing page; individual supplementary reports have May 2024 cover dates."
  },
  {
    "id": "ECO-BHP",
    "publisher": "BHP",
    "title": "Copper producer",
    "url": "https://www.bhp.com/what-we-do/products/copper",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Official copper pages describe operating mines and distinguish a proposed Arizona project.",
    "confidence": "High for stated role; company assertions are not independent performance verification.",
    "access_basis": "full official page",
    "limitations": "Company portfolio information; proposed projects are not represented here as operating."
  },
  {
    "id": "ECO-RIO-TINTO",
    "publisher": "Rio Tinto",
    "title": "Lithium products and operations",
    "url": "https://www.riotinto.com/en/products/lithium",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Official lithium pages describe extraction routes and a portfolio of lithium products and development options.",
    "confidence": "High for stated role; company assertions are not independent performance verification.",
    "access_basis": "full official page",
    "limitations": "Operating products and development options must be assessed separately; no announced capacity is counted as delivered."
  },
  {
    "id": "ECO-LYNAS",
    "publisher": "Lynas Rare Earths",
    "title": "Rare-earth processing",
    "url": "https://lynasrareearths.com/kalgoorlie-western-australia/",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Kalgoorlie\u2019s official page describes cracking and leaching concentrate into mixed rare-earth carbonate for further processing.",
    "confidence": "High for stated role; company assertions are not independent performance verification.",
    "access_basis": "full official page",
    "limitations": "Facility-process description; no independent assurance of current utilisation, capacity or supply availability."
  },
  {
    "id": "ECO-UMICORE",
    "publisher": "Umicore",
    "title": "Battery recycling technology",
    "url": "https://www.umicore.com/en/about/battery-materials-solutions/battery-recycling-solutions/pyro-hydro-technology/",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Official technology material describes a pyro-hydro approach and a dedicated rechargeable-battery smelter commissioned in 2011.",
    "confidence": "High for stated role; company assertions are not independent performance verification.",
    "access_basis": "official search-index content",
    "limitations": "Qualitative company description confirmed via official indexed content; direct fetch was restricted. No recovery percentage or expansion capacity is asserted."
  },
  {
    "id": "ECO-CSIRO",
    "publisher": "CSIRO",
    "title": "Processing research and technical pathways",
    "url": "https://www.csiro.au/en/research/natural-environment/critical-minerals",
    "published_date": null,
    "accessed_date": "2026-11-05",
    "claim": "Australia\u2019s national science agency publishes mineral-processing and recycling research, including individual material studies.",
    "confidence": "High for stated role; company assertions are not independent performance verification.",
    "access_basis": "full official page",
    "limitations": "Research capability is not commercial supply; technical reports may describe emerging pathways."
  }
]